To protect vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), such as deep-sea corals and deep-sea sponges, bottom contact fishing at depths of over 400 metres conducted by European Union (EU) vessels within EU waters will be confined to historically fished areas. This “fishing footprint" is based on bottom contact fishing locations (static and mobile gears) between 2009 and 2011.
Within this existing fishing footprint, the European Commission will list, and annually review, areas where VMEs are known or are likely to occur, which may lead to area closures (between 400 m and 800 m depth) to protect the VMEs found there.
These EU measures, along with the EU Habitats Directive, the OSPAR MPA Network, Common Fisheries Policy, and various national regulations, will contribute to achieving the objectives of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) Sustainable Fisheries Resolutions , which provides the policy framework for the protection of VMEs.
Request
To help meet these regulatory requirements, the European Commission requested ICES to provide the 2009–2011 fishing footprint and advise on the locations within these areas where VMEs are known to occur or are likely to occur.
An online Workshop on EU regulatory area options for VME protection was held to produce the technical evidence base to develop a set of regulatory area options using available ICES data. This was followed by a stakeholder
workshop to seek views on the
process and the regulatory areas identified.
The majority of EU waters between 400 and 800 metres depth are found either in the Celtic Seas Ecoregion, or the Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast Ecoregion. Approximately 90% of this area is currently fished.
The workshops developed interactive maps which show the fishing locations of both static and mobile bottom gear alongside the location of known VME habitats and areas where VME indicators occur, alongside fishing data within a C-square grid.
A C-square grid system with a resolution of 0.05° longitude by 0.05° latitude (about 15 km² at 60°N latitude) was used in this advice request. This is a practical scale to collate, explore, and assess data relating to fishing activities in the marine environment. Data from ICES VME Database was used to identify C-squares that contain VMEs or are likely to contain VMEs. The VME Database contains regularly updated and quality-controlled data submitted by ICES Member Countries.
Scenarios
Consistent
with the UNGA Resolutions and FAO Deep-sea Fisheries Guidelines, ICES has
constructed two scenarios, each with two options, which place emphasis on different aspects of the UN resolutions.
Scenario 1 prioritizes protection of VME, irrespective of the fishing activity, while Scenario 2 prioritizes protection of VME but incorporates a threshold for the level of permissible fishing activity.
Under Scenario 1, option 2 is the most precautionary of the two options, as it includes areas where VMEs are both known and likely to occur, by incorporating the VME elements into the identification of VMEs. Under Scenario 2, assessment of fishing activity is limited to mobile bottom contacting gear only.
Eugene Nixon, Vice-Chair of
ICES Advisory
Committee notes that, “While
most of the EU waters between 400 and 800 meters depth fall into either the
Celtic Seas Ecoregion, or the Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast Ecoregion,
there is no explicit reason why the selection of Scenario/option need be the
same for each ecoregion.
ICES recommends that when new VME data is supplied it should be incorporated into this advisory product and reflected in future advice on fishing footprints and C-squares where VMEs occur or are likely to occur.
Read the full text of ICES advice on list of areas where vulnerable marine ecosystems are known to occur or are likely to occur in existing deep-sea fishing areas.